Lessons from Europe: Addressing Russia's Nuclear Threats

By Marlena Broeker | April 11, 2025

Recent developments surrounding the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine have highlighted significant challenges for the United States, particularly in terms of responding to Russian nuclear threats. As the situation has evolved, Poland, Sweden, and Finland have demonstrated approaches that may offer valuable lessons for U.S. policymakers.

The Context of Russian Aggression

Since Russia placed its nuclear forces on high alert following its invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Moscow has attempted to deter NATO support for Ukraine by raising the specter of nuclear escalation. This strategy has complicated the West's ability to provide meaningful military assistance to Ukraine, affecting the country's ability to withstand Russian advances.

During Donald Trump’s presidency, U.S. financial support for Ukraine fluctuated, raising uncertainties about the future of assistance. In contrast, nations on NATO’s eastern flank have taken bold actions in response to Russian threats and have committed to supporting Ukraine without hesitation.

The Eastern European Response

Despite the proximity to the conflict, Poland has emerged as a strong advocate for Ukraine. The Polish government has consistently urged the United States to adopt a more aggressive stance against Russian nuclear threats. Notably, Poland has expressed a willingness to host U.S. nuclear weapons and has advocated for long-range attacks on Russian targets, which were approved by the Biden administration only after substantial delays.

Sweden and Finland, traditionally neutral nations, shifted their defense policies dramatically in response to the Russian threat. In May 2022, both countries applied for NATO membership, believing that the risks associated with Russian aggression outweighed the potential threats posed by NATO expansion. Their decision reflects a clear commitment to countering Russian aggression and sovereignty through collaboration with NATO.

Key Lessons for the United States

Poland, Sweden, and Finland's responses to Russian threats provide important lessons for Washington. Despite the serious nature of nuclear threats, these countries have refused to let such coercion dictate their support for Ukraine.

The United States must recognize that a hesitant approach to military support can reinforce the perception that nuclear threats are effective. By observing the established resolve of nations bordering Russia, U.S. policymakers can better calibrate their strategies in dealing with nuclear coercion.

Moreover, the U.S. must listen to the perspectives and experiences of these eastern European allies as they rethink their approach to the conflict. Integrating their insights can help formulate a cohesive policy that demonstrates to Russia that nuclear coercion will not succeed.

Pursuing Peace and Security in Europe

Achieving a lasting peace requires consistent support for Ukraine's sovereignty while ensuring that Russia does not gain additional power through perceived victories. Polish President Andrzej Duda emphasized the dangerous return of imperialism under Russian influence. This sentiment resonates with many NATO allies who desire a firmer commitment to collective security in Europe.

Countries like Poland and the Baltic states are proactively increasing their defense budgets to meet growing threats. In January 2025, Lithuania and Estonia pledged to allocate more than 5% of their GDP to defense, highlighting a collective shift toward enhanced military readiness.

Conclusion: The Path Forward

As the conflict in Ukraine continues, the U.S. can learn from the proactive stance taken by its eastern European allies. Listening to those who are geographically and historically closer to the conflict will not only enhance the U.S. response but will also enable a more strategic approach to dealing with Russian nuclear threats.

In recognizing the importance of collaboration with these nations, Washington can create a balanced strategy that supports Ukraine while diminishing the chances of escalating nuclear rhetoric into actual conflict. The outcome of this approach will be critical for the future of European and global security.